Knowledge and attitudes regarding substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction practices among US pharmacists: A scoping review.

Pope E, Ameral V, Falcón A, Smith J, Shoemaker-Hunt SJ, Bounthavong M, McCullough M, Kim B. Knowledge and attitudes regarding substance use disorder treatment and harm reduction practices among US pharmacists: A scoping review. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA. 2025 Jun 19; 65(5):102462, DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2025.102462.

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Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to address substance use disorders (SUDs) and expand harm reduction services due to their accessibility and expertise in medication management. However, attitudinal and structural barriers may limit their full potential in this role. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review examines pharmacists'' knowledge, attitudes, and engagement in SUD treatment and harm reduction. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted using Levac et al.''s enhancement of Arksey and O''Malley''s framework. A systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed), PsycInfo, Embase, ProQuest Health and Medical, and ProQuest Psychology was performed on August 3, 2024, yielding 87 articles addressing pharmacists'' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to SUD and harm reduction. RESULTS: Pharmacists generally acknowledge the efficacy of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs) in reducing opioid-related mortality but often hold stigmatizing beliefs about individuals with SUDs. While supportive of harm reduction strategies, such as naloxone distribution and needle and syringe programs, engagement varies widely. Significant gaps in education and training persist, leaving pharmacists with limited confidence and practical experience in SUD care, despite their reported familiarity with MOUDs and naloxone pharmacology. CONCLUSION: This review highlights a complex interplay of support, barriers, and knowledge gaps shaping pharmacists'' roles in SUD treatment and harm reduction. Targeted education, supportive policies, and interprofessional collaboration are crucial to enabling pharmacists to provide stigma-free, comprehensive care for individuals with SUDs.