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Chan G, Gelernter J, Oslin D, Farrer L, Kranzler HR. Empirically derived subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2011 Jun 1; 106(6):1146-54.
AIMS: To identify and validate homogeneous subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors. DESIGN: Family-based and case-control genetic studies of opioid and/or cocaine dependence. SETTINGS: Clinical and general community samples from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and South Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4061 individuals (2003 individuals from 835 families and 2058 unrelated individuals) recruited to participate in genetic studies. MEASUREMENTS: The computer-assisted Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) was used to assess participants' demographics, medical history, substance use behaviors and disorders and other psychiatric disorders. FINDINGS: Five homogeneous subtypes were identified, which differed on opioid-related measures, demographics and prevalence rates of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Heritability estimates for the two most severely affected subtypes exceeded 0.60. CONCLUSIONS: An empirical approach based on opioid use and related behaviors can yield homogeneous subtypes that could be of value in gene finding for opioid dependence.