Sex, Racial, and Geographic Disparities in Pulmonary Embolism-related Mortality Nationwide.

Zghouzi M, Mwansa H, Shore S, Hyder SN, Kamdar N, Moles VM, Barnes GD, Froehlich J, Mclaughlin VV, Paul TK, Rosenfield K, Giri J, Nallamothu BK, Aggarwal V. Sex, Racial, and Geographic Disparities in Pulmonary Embolism-related Mortality Nationwide. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2023 Nov 1; 20(11):1571-1577.

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Abstract:

Acute pulmonary embolism is a leading cause of cardiovascular death. There are limited data on the national mortality trends from pulmonary embolism. Understanding these trends is crucial for addressing the mortality and associated disparities associated with pulmonary embolism. To analyze the national mortality trends related to acute pulmonary embolism and determine the overall age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) per 100,000 population for the study period and assess changes in AAMR among different sexes, races, and geographic locations. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using mortality data of individuals aged ?15?years with pulmonary embolism listed as the underlying cause of death in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database from January 2006 to December 2019. These data are produced by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 109,992 pulmonary embolism-related deaths were noted in this dataset nationwide between 2006 and 2019. Of these, women constituted 60,113 (54.7%). The AAMR per 100,000 was not significantly changed, from 2.84 in 2006 to 2.81 in 2019 (average annual percentage change [AAPC], 0.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.1 to 0.5; ? = 0.15). AAMR increased for men throughout the study period compared with women (AAPC, 0.7 for men; 95% CI, 0.3 to 1.2; ? = 0.004 vs. AAPC, -0.4 for women; 95% CI, -1.1 to 0.3; ? = 0.23, respectively). Similarly, AAMR for pulmonary embolism increased for Black compared with White individuals, from 5.18 to 5.26 (AAPC, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.0 to 0.7; ? = 0.05) and 2.82 to 2.86 (AAPC, 0.0; 95% CI, -0.6 to 0.6; ? = 0.99), respectively. Similarly, AAMR for pulmonary embolism was higher in rural areas than in micropolitan and large metropolitan areas during the study period (4.07 [95% CI, 4.02 to 4.12] vs. 3.24 [95% CI, 3.21 to 3.27] vs. 2.32 [95% CI, 2.30-2.34], respectively). Pulmonary embolism mortality remains high and unchanged over the past decade, and enduring sex, racial and socioeconomic disparities persist in pulmonary embolism. Targeted efforts to decrease pulmonary embolism mortality and address such disparities are needed.