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Primack BA, Gold MA, Switzer GE, Hobbs R, Land SR, Fine MJ. Development and validation of a smoking media literacy scale for adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2006 Apr 1; 160(4):369-74.
OBJECTIVES: To develop a smoking media literacy (SML) scale by using empiric survey data from a large sample of high school students and to assess reliability and criterion validity of the scale. DESIGN: On the basis of an established theoretical framework, 120 potential items were generated, and items were eliminated or altered on the basis of input from experts and students. Cross-sectional responses to scale items, demographics, smoking-related variables, and multiple covariates were obtained to refine the scale and determine its reliability and validity. SETTING: One large Pittsburgh, Pa, high school. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1211 high school students aged 14 to 18 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Current smoking, susceptibility to smoking, attitudes toward smoking, and smoking norms. RESULTS: Factor analysis demonstrated a strong 1-factor scale with 18 items (alpha = 0.87). After controlling for all covariate data, SML had a statistically significant and independent association with current smoking (P = .01), susceptibility (P < .001), and attitudes (P < .001), but not norms (P = .42). Controlling for all covariates, an increase of 1 point on the 10-point SML scale was associated with a 22% decrease in the odds of being a smoker and a 31% decrease in the odds of being susceptible to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking media literacy can be measured with excellent reliability and concurrent criterion validity. Given the independent association between SML and smoking, media literacy may be a promising tool for future tobacco control interventions.