Diagnosis and Management of Acute Respiratory Failure.

Lagina M, Valley TS. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Respiratory Failure. Critical care clinics. 2024 Apr 1; 40(2):235-253.

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• IIR 23-020 – Harnessing Active Relationships within VA ICUs to Engage Surrogates and Care Teams (HARVEST)

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Abstract:

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is defined by Pao less than 60 mm Hg or SaO less than 88% and may result from V/Q mismatch, shunt, hypoventilation, diffusion limitation, or low inspired oxygen tension. Acute hypercapnic respiratory failure is defined by Paco = 45 mm Hg and pH less than 7.35 and may result from alveolar hypoventilation, increased fraction of dead space, or increased production of carbon dioxide. Early diagnostic maneuvers, such as measurement of SpO and arterial blood gas, can differentiate the type of respiratory failure and guide next steps in evaluation and management.