Energy-based interventions for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies.

Zerzan NL, Greer N, Ullman KE, Sowerby C, Diem S, Ensrud K, Forte ML, Anthony MC, Landsteiner A, Butler M, Wilt TJ, Danan ER. Energy-based interventions for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies. Menopause (New York, N.Y.). 2025 Feb 1; 32(2):176-183.

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Abstract:

IMPORTANCE: Hormone treatments for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) symptoms have limitations. There is interest in nonhormone therapies, including energy-based interventions. Benefits and harms of energy-based interventions are not currently well known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the benefits and harms of energy-based therapies (eg, CO 2 laser, Er:YAG laser, and radiofrequency) for GSM. Outcomes of interest are the eight "Core Outcomes in Menopause" and include the following: dyspareunia, vulvovaginal dryness, vulvovaginal discomfort/irritation, dysuria, change in most bothersome symptom, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and treatment adverse effects. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Eligible studies included English language randomized controlled trials (RCT) or prospective observational studies of energy-based treatments with = 8 weeks follow-up in postmenopausal women with = 1 GSM symptom and studies of any design reporting adverse effects = 12 months postintervention. Ovid/MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL were searched from inception to December 11, 2023 using vocabulary and natural language terms, along with free-text words. Two authors extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. FINDINGS: We identified 32 unique studies (16 RCT; 1 quasi-RCT; 15 nonrandomized). Ten RCT and the quasi-RCT were rated low to moderate risk of bias (RoB) and underwent data extraction. Included studies evaluated CO 2 laser (k = 7), Er:YAG laser (k = 3), or radiofrequency and CO 2 laser (k = 1). CO 2 laser compared with sham (k = 4) may result in little to no difference in dysuria, dyspareunia, or quality of life (low certainty of evidence [COE]). CO 2 laser compared with vaginal conjugated estrogens cream (k = 2) may result in little to no difference in dyspareunia, dryness, discomfort/irritation, dysuria, or quality of life (low COE). Treatment effects on all other outcomes and effects of Er:YAG laser or radiofrequency on any outcome are very uncertain (very low COE). Studies noted few adverse events and no serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: CO 2 laser resulted in little to no difference in outcomes compared with sham or vaginal estrogen; the evidence is very uncertain on the effect of energy-based interventions versus all other comparators for all other outcomes. Adverse event reporting was limited. There is a need for further evidence assessing energy-based interventions.