Feasibility of cognitive testing and ecological momentary assessments using smartphones in middle aged and older adults with insomnia.

Ghadimi S, Ereso J, Kaula AJ, Taptiklis N, Cormack F, Alessi C, Martin JL, Dzierzewski JM, Naeim A, Kremen S, Te T, Fung CH. Feasibility of cognitive testing and ecological momentary assessments using smartphones in middle aged and older adults with insomnia. BMC digital health. 2025 Jul 1; 3(1):21, DOI: 10.1186/s44247-025-00158-4.

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Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Older adults with insomnia who use benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZAs) may be at increased risk of cognitive impairment. Cognitive testing outside of clinical settings may yield results that are more reflective of individuals' cognition in their natural environment, where they experience fluctuations in mental state (e.g. drowsiness). We assessed the feasibility of self-administered cognitive testing via smartphone apps for collecting in-moment, in-context data about a person's current state (ecological momentary assessment, EMA). METHODS: Participants ( = 20; median age 66 years; 14 females, 18 white) aged 55 years who were recruited from a BZA deprescribing trial were invited to complete (over a 28 day period) daily drowsiness assessments on an EMA app (cued by smartwatch alerts) and weekly self-administered digit span (DGS) forward/backward (2 [minimum] - 9 [maximum]), verbal paired associates (VPA; 0 [best]-24 [worst] total errors), and cued delayed recall of VPA (VPA-DR; 0 [best] - 8 [worst] errors) tests on a cognitive app. We assessed the completion of EMA (0-28 days) and cognitive sessions (# of participants per # sessions completed). We performed thematic analysis of the participant interviews. RESULTS: The median number of days that EMA was completed was 24.5. Twelve (60%) individuals participated in 4 sessions; 2 (10%) individuals participated in 3 sessions; 2 (10%) individuals participated in 2 sessions; and 4 (20%) individuals participated in 1 session. No drowsiness was reported 36% of the time, whereas 38% of the responses reflected feeling "a little bit" drowsy and 26% at least "somewhat" drowsy. Mean cognitive test scores were DGS-Forward = 7 (SD 1.3), DGS-Backward = 5.6 (SD 1.0), VPA total errors = 9.9 (SD 3.7), and VPA-DR = 2.2 (SD 1.9). Three themes emerged from the participant interviews: 1) concern for one's own cognitive abilities, 2) strategies employed for optimizing scores (including strategies that would invalidate results), and 3) ease of use of the applications. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that mobile cognitive tests and EMAs are feasible in this older population. Further work is needed to understand how scores are influenced by the setting, mood, and behaviors. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44247-025-00158-4.