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Ilgen MA, Perron B, Czyz EK, McCammon RJ, Trafton J. The timing of onset of pain and substance use disorders. The American journal on addictions / American Academy of Psychiatrists in Alcoholism and Addictions. 2010 Sep 1; 19(5):409-15.
Using data from the National Comorbidity Survey--Replication, this study examined the timing of onset of self-report comorbid chronic nonarthritis pain and substance use disorders (SUDs) and characteristics associated with different onset patterns. Most individuals (58.2%; N = 351/632) report that the SUD preceded the onset of pain. Relative to those with SUDs prior to the onset of chronic pain, those experiencing pain first were less likely to have a drug use disorder, more likely to have head pain, to be younger at the onset of the first condition, and to have a shorter duration between condition onsets.