Healthy lifestyle and risk of kidney disease progression, atherosclerotic events, and death in CKD: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

Ricardo AC, Anderson CA, Yang W, Zhang X, Fischer MJ, Dember LM, Fink JC, Frydrych A, Jensvold NG, Lustigova E, Nessel LC, Porter AC, Rahman M, Wright Nunes JA, Daviglus ML, Lash JP, CRIC Study Investigators. Healthy lifestyle and risk of kidney disease progression, atherosclerotic events, and death in CKD: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2015 Mar 1; 65(3):412-24.

Related HSR&D Project(s)

• CDA 06-018 – Role of Kidney Disease in an Elderly High-risk Population

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Abstract:

BACKGROUND: In general populations, healthy lifestyle is associated with fewer adverse outcomes. We estimated the degree to which adherence to a healthy lifestyle decreases the risk of renal and cardiovascular events among adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort. SETTING and PARTICIPANTS: 3,006 adults enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. PREDICTORS: 4 lifestyle factors (regular physical activity, body mass index [BMI] of 20- < 25kg/m(2), nonsmoking, and "healthy diet"), individually and in combination. OUTCOMES: CKD progression (50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate or end-stage renal disease), atherosclerotic events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease), and all-cause mortality. MEASUREMENTS: Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 4 years, we observed 726 CKD progression events, 355 atherosclerotic events, and 437 deaths. BMI = 25kg/m(2) and nonsmoking were associated with reduced risk of CKD progression (HRs of 0.75 [95% CI, 0.58-0.97] and 0.61 [95% CI, 0.45-0.82] for BMIs of 25 to  < 30 and  = 30kg/m(2), respectively, versus 20 to  < 25kg/m(2); HR for nonsmoking of 0.68 [95% CI, 0.55-0.84] compared to the current smoker reference group) and reduced risk of atherosclerotic events (HRs of 0.67 [95% CI, 0.46-0.96] for BMI of 25- < 30 vs 20- < 25kg/m(2) and 0.55 [95% CI, 0.40-0.75] vs current smoker). Factors associated with reduced all-cause mortality were regular physical activity (HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.52-0.79] vs inactive), BMI = 30kg/m(2) (HR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.43-0.96] vs 20- < 25kg/m(2)), and nonsmoking (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.34-0.60] vs current smoker). BMI < 20kg/m(2) was associated with increased all-cause mortality risk (HR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.13-3.93] vs 20- < 25kg/m(2)). Adherence to all 4 lifestyle factors was associated with a 68% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to adherence to no lifestyle factors (HR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.11-0.89). LIMITATIONS: Lifestyle factors were measured only once. CONCLUSIONS: Regular physical activity, nonsmoking, and BMI = 25kg/m(2) were associated with lower risk of adverse outcomes in this cohort of individuals with CKD.